In the previous episodes

basic stuff, syntax
functions (wrote our cool min function) + functional stuff
scopes, PEP-8
strings, bytes
collections
classes basics
decorators, functools
exceptions, context managers
iterators

👻 Generators

👇 Generator

>>> def g():
        print("Starting")
        x = 42
        yield x
        x += 1
        yield x
        print("Done")
>>> type(g)
<class 'function'>
>>> gen = g()
>>> type(gen)
<class 'generator'>
>>> next(gen)
Starting    
42
>>> next(gen)
43

after yield it stops and comes back later

unique

>>> def unique(iterable, seen=None):
        seen = set(seen or [])
        for item in iterable:
            if item not in seen:
                seen.add(item)
                yield item
   
>>> xs = [1, 1, 2, 3]
>>> unique(xs)
<generator object unique at 0x1027c5798>
>>> list(unique(xs))
[1, 2, 3]
>>> 1 in unique(xs)
True

map

>>> def map(func, iterable, *rest):
        for args in zip(iterable, *rest):
            yield func(*args)
   
>>> xs = range(5)
>>> map(lambda x: x * x, xs)
<generator object map at 0x103122510>
>>> list(map(lambda x: x * x, xs))
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
>>> 9 in map(lambda x: x * x, xs)
True

chain

>>> def chain(*iterables):
        for iterable in iterables:
            for item in iterable:
                yield item
   
>>> xs = range(3)
>>> ys = [42]
>>> chain(xs, ys)
<generator object chain at 0x10311d708>
>>> list(chain(xs, ys))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 42]
>>> 42 in chain(xs, ys)
True

count

>>> def count(start=0):
        while True:
            yield start
            start += 1
   
>>> next(count())
0
>>> counter = count()
>>> next(counter)
0
>>> next(counter)
1

How to reuse: don’t.

>>> def g():
    yield 42
   
>>> gen = g()
>>> list(gen)
[42]
>>> list(gen) # WASTED
[]

or use tee from ìtertools

yield

>>> def g():
        res = yield # entrypoint 1 # ???
        print("Got {!r}".format(res))
        res = yield 42 # entrypoint 2
        print("Got {!r}".format(res))
   
>>> gen = g()
>>> next(gen) # until first yield
>>> next(gen) # until second yield
Got 'None'
42
>>> next(gen) # until the end
Got 'None'
Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration

send!

>>> gen = g()
>>> gen.send("foobar")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can't send [   ] to a just-started generator
>>> gen = g()
>>> gen.send(None) # ≡ next(gen)
>>> gen.send("foobar")
Got 'foobar'
42

throw

>>> def g():
        try:
            yield 42
        except ValueError as e:
            yield e
        finally:
            print("Done")
   
>>> gen = g()
>>> next(gen)
42
>>> gen.throw(ValueError, "something is wrong")
ValueError('something is wrong',)
>>> gen = g()
>>> next(gen)
42
>>> gen.close()
Done

and close()

yield from and return

>>> def f():
        yield 42
        return []
   
>>> def g():
        res = yield from f()
        print("Got {!r}".format(res))
   
>>> gen = g()
>>> next(gen)
42
>>> next(gen, None)
Got []

generators and context managers

import tempfile
import shutil
 
@contextmanager
def tempdir(): # __init__
    outdir = tempfile.mkdtemp() # __enter__
    try:
        yield outdir # ---------
    finally:
        shutil.rmtree(outdir) # __exit__
 
with tempdir() as path:
    print(path)

useful example?

Generators wrap-up

generator is a function which use yield and yield from
generators are everywhere
generators can be used as iterators, coroutines, easy context managers and others!

🔨 itertools

islice

>>> from itertools import islice
>>> xs = range(10)
>>> list(islice(xs, 3)) # ≡ xs[:3]
[0, 1, 2]
>>> list(islice(xs, 3, None)) # ≡ xs[3:]
[3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> list(islice(xs, 3, 8, 2)) # ≡ xs[3:8:2]
[3, 5, 7]

count, cycle, repeat

>>> def take(n, iterable):
        return list(islice(iterable, n))
   
>>> list(take(range(10), 3))
[0, 1 2]
>>> from itertools import count, cycle, repeat
>>> take(3, count(0, 5))
[0, 5, 10]
>>> take(3, cycle([1, 2, 3]))
[1, 2, 3]
>>> take(3, repeat(42))
[42, 42, 42]
>>> take(3, repeat(42, 2)) # 2 is number of repeats here
[42, 42]

chain

>>> from itertools import chain
>>> take(5, chain(range(2), range(5, 10)))
[0, 1, 5, 6, 7]
>>> it = (range(x, x ** x) for x in range(2, 4))
>>> take(5, chain.from_iterable(it))
[2, 3, 3, 4, 5]

chain.from_iterable(it) vs chain(*it)?

tee

>>> from itertools import tee
>>> it = range(3)
>>> a, b, c = tee(it, 3)
>>> list(a), list(b), list(c)
([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2])

don’t use it after copying

combinatorics!

>>> list(itertools.product("AB", repeat=2))
[('A', 'A'), ('A', 'B'), ('B', 'A'), ('B', 'B')]
>>> list(itertools.product("AB", repeat=3))
[('A', 'A', 'A'), ('A', 'A', 'B'), ('A', 'B', 'A'),    ]
>>> list(itertools.permutations("AB"))
[('A', 'B'), ('B', 'A')]
>>> from itertools import combinations, \n    combinations_with_replacement
>>> list(combinations("ABC", 2))
[('A', 'B'), ('A', 'C'), ('B', 'C')]
>>> list(combinations_with_replacement("ABC", 2))
[('A', 'A'), ('A', 'B'), ('A', 'C'),
('B', 'B'), ('B', 'C'), ('C', 'C')]

itertools wrap-up

useful
combinatorics,
islice,
count, cycle, repeat
tee

➡️ Modules, imports and other stuff

http://www.dabeaz.com/modulepackage/

1️⃣ Modules

module.py

"""I'm a module."""
 
some_variable = "variable"
 
 
def foo():
    return 42

with tempfile

>>> import useful
>>> dir(module)
[   , '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__',
'foo', 'some_variable']

python ./module.py

def test():
    assert boo() == 4
 
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("Running tests     ")
    test()
    print("OK")

import

>>> import module # исполняет модуль сверху вниз
>>> module
<module 'module' from './module.py'>
>>> import module as alias
>>> alias
<module 'module' from './module.py'>
>>> from useful import foo as boo, some_variable
>>> foo()
42
>>> some_variable
'variable'

sys.path

>>> import sys
>>> sys.path
['', '/usr/local/lib/python3.8',    ]

Modules wrap-up

module is a *.py file from which you cam import from
import from, import as
byte code is executed from up to down
sort imports

from collections import OrderedDict
from itertools import islice
import os
import sys

2️⃣ Packages

package package

package
├── __init__.py # !
├── bar.py
└── foo.py

>>> import package
>>> package
<module 'package' from './package/__init__.py'>
>>> package.foo
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'foo'
>>> package.bar
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'module' object has no attribute 'bar'
>>> from package import bar
>>> bar
<module 'package.bar' from './package/bar.py'>

absolute / relative import

import package.foo
from package import bar
from . import foo, bar  # don't, personal opinion :)

executable package

# package/__init__.py
print("package.__init__")
 
# package/__main__.py
print("It works!")

Now we can run it!

$ python -m package
package.__init__ # ?
It works!

Packages wrap-up

package is a way to group Python code
every directory with __init__.py makes a package
use absolute imports
adding __main__.py allows you to execute your package

👨🏻‍💻 Viktor's notes

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5 · Generators · itertools · import + modules